Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Annotated Bibliography Example nalysis of data from the National Student Clearinghouse (NSC), the method takes into account retention and graduation numbers at both entry and transfer institutions. Hence, what they accomplish is to construct a polychotomous definition of success. The challenge facing them include identifying new methods to model limited dependent variables. They are sceptical that the multinomial logit method is apt for the purpose. They believe incorporating multinomial regression techniques into the model is a better way of evaluating student success across institutions. The intended audience for this research paper are educators and fellow scholars. The paper uses esoteric language and complex statistical analysis. To this extent novices and teachers under training may find its content inaccessible. However, the necessity and relevance of the angle of scholarly investigation cannot be overstated. At a time when general standards of literacy, numeracy and employability of students are falling ac ross educational institutions, reworking the model for ascertaining student success might help educators and recruiters to refine their search criteria. Likewise, with federal government putting pressure on institutions of higher to improve accountability, all stakeholders are reviewing the utility of arcane laws such as the Student Right to Know (SRK) Act of 1990. In the same vein, the reporting requirements through Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and Graduation Rate Survey (GRS) are also being reviewed. The project undertaken by Jones-White et al is relevant for all these areas of review. The article talks about a longitudinal case study of an experienced educator (Steven). Starting with Steven’s early days as an untrained teacher, the author brings his first hand experiences to bear on the analysis. It is recounted how, through the Teach for America initiative, the subject taught mathematics at an urban middle school, before moving on to teaching

Honorifics Similarities of the Guugu Yimidhirr and Japanese Languages Essay

Honorifics Similarities of the Guugu Yimidhirr and Japanese Languages - Essay Example One of the most intriguing qualities of the Guugu Yimidhirr language is its honorific system; in other words, the way in which deference is paid to certain members of the family or the society with the use of a specific word over another. In particular, the honorific system requires the use of deference words and tone to a brother-in-law or father-in-law. The Japanese and Guugu Yimidhir languages were born for essentially the same purpose: to solidify a social structure that organically evolved to support a burgeoning community and, eventually, a larger nation. Where the Guugu Yimidhirr language has maintained its more traditional deference language primarily for use in speaking to brothers- and fathers- in law who in turn provide essential services for the community, Japanese culture has evolved and with it the use of deferential language for business purposes. Whorfian theory can be used in terms of the Aboriginal group, however Japanese language has not been a mirror unto itself a nd has changed to accommodate the needs of its society. The function of the honorifics within the Guugu Yimidhirr language is to essentially uphold an established social structure. The culture of these people is such that a certain stratification is basic to the continuation of the societal framework: deference must be paid to those members of society who are, in terms of the culture, of higher importance and reverence within the community and the society on the whole. Brothers-in-law and fathers-in-law are considered honorable members of the community in that they are wise and instrumental to the running of day-to-day life. This is a generally accepted view of Guugu Yimidhirr, with many subscribers to the idea that the language is what the society was initially, and now is, fixed upon. In contrast to this theory, however, Foley suggests that the key to understanding the use of honorifics within this particular language is to bring the Whorfian theories into play; in short, to examine the idea that the words used in context are not merely a product of initial societal roles but that they are currently responsible for shaping the worldview of the Guugu Yimidhirr themselves (Foley 1997). Being raised in an environment where it is socially unacceptable to say Balin-ga (porcupine) to your father- or brother-in-law instead of the deferential nhalngarr (Shopen 1979) means that children are acculturated to believe in the existing social structures and to use them with little resistance. Shopen points out that the deferential vocabulary within Guugu Yimidhirr is not a substantial sub-language, but instead a special set of words and phrases that are interchangeable with parts of the regular language. This is notable because it shows that the social structure is not completely, strictly stratified, but that it merely demands a level of respect for those on whom the community depends. Modern Japanese Honorifics The Japanese language today is another, like Guugu Yimidhirr, that has evolved over centuries and in doing so has developed and maintained honorifics. The three specific levels of Japanese honorifics, delineated by linguists, are Polite, Respectful and Humble Language. Teineigo, or Polite Language, is marked by the use of special sentence and verb endings: desu and masu, respectively (Maynard 1997). This is the language version taught to non-native speakers of Japanese. Sonkeigo, or Respectful Language, is used in reference to superiors and is characterized by the use of alternate words. For example, instead of using the verb suwaru as would be done when referring to oneself sitting down, the phrase o kake ni natte kudasai is used to ask someone in a superior position (this includes customers)

The Beatles

The Beatles British Popular Music Culture The Beatles INTRODUCTION For Chinese fans, the so-called English Brit-pop is a memorable the symbols. It is filled with too many youth, while still in the new generation of echoing music dream. Young people are eagerly, completes obsessed with Westlife or Beyonce .Moment these new, the English rock band, but the youth has continued to effect people from British golden decade. In the mid of 1960s, the Beatles is the legendary band affected the blustery generations. (American media used â€Å"British Invasion† to describe the Beatles band). The Beatles became popular quickly as well as their influence on international pop music is unprecedented. Even after they disbanded, they have continued to issue recordings of their songs and style still prevails unabated. The 1960s pop music like society, everything has just begun. The Beatles brought a new music to youth, everywhere is full of energy, their music rapid changes and growth, just a few years to conquer the world. People praised them as Music God, being crazy about them. Modern musicians rarely are not influenced by the Beatles. If American young people use the rock and roll of wandering, confusion, and emptiness, the young people in the United Kingdom is to use rock music to break through the Victorian era has left all the old moral and traditional values. BACKGROUND As an essential part of western culture, music has been influencing the people in all aspects. The need and appreciation for music is apparent that in the everyday lives of people they are listening to it in movies, on TV and throughout all forms of other audio media. The majority of people also choose to listen to music for pleasure in their leisure life. Not surprisingly the music can be a powerful tool with social influence and be able to change the lives of people. In another sense, music can be recognised as a powerful form of communication. Like some people have said, â€Å"It can be personal, political, opportunistic, and can be self-expressive with therapeutic effects due to the release of emotion.† (British pop Music http://www.learnenglish.de/culture/britishmusic.htm). Pop music is absolutely an essential part of British culture, not only just as an expression of the way all the British people live with, but also as an indicator of the multi-cultural nature of Britai n today. The Beatles pop music is undoubtedly the greatest, the most influential and the most successful band both in academia and in business in the history of the whole pop music. The Beatles from Liverpool in the early 60s has created a huge controversial enthusiasm among their fans. It is well known as â€Å"Beatle mania† today. The Beatles revolutionized pop music in regard to the development in the music itself and influence on the society. The impact they had done on the pop music is so immense that there is no one else can go beyond them. For the development of rock around the world has made tremendous contributions to the impact of self-60s after several generations of rock bands music and ideas directly affect the rock change and development in the United Kingdom, The Beatles has affected almost every one the bands formation and development for more than 60 years. They had led the fashion in lots of countries all over the world and also in UK itself in 1960-1970. They had a s ignificant impact on the younger people in UK in 1960s. OUTLINE The Beatles songs had influenced the generation in their interests of art, their way of wearing, and their attitude and way of living. Until now, the band has been gone for almost 40 years they are still showing strong influence on the whole British society. EVALUATION The band of four great musicians, especially John Lennon and Paul McCartney, all corners of the worlds younger rock singer and music creators the impact of which continues today. Although from its inception to the dissolution of the Beatles only existed for a decade, but the band as a musical culture revolutionaries and their cultural influence has long exceeded its art itself. The Beatles over the past few decades of time, has become a popular symbol of music and popular culture, but also became Britains culture and history of a trademark, of them being members of the Queens sealed. The original work and creativity have done by the Beatles have constantly inspired the musicians worldwide. In the world today there still has a lot of Beatles band member professional imitators, as well as professional organizations and evaluation of institutions and organizations mimic competition. The Beatles and the Beatles culture has already become the culture of mankind in the 20th century, an important component of the field was forever etched that they, as the last century, a trademark of popular culture has never been any challenge. Following table briefly outlines the major singles and albums made by The Beatles during 1960s. Those songs and albums have been on top of the chart or keeping in the first place of the ranking list. Especially, â€Å"With the Beatles† became the second album in the UK chart history to sell a million copies and this album is described by Allmusic as â€Å"a sequel of the highest order one that betters the original by developing its own tone and adding depth.† (Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2009b). With the Beatles. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Gould, Jonathan (2008). Cant Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6.) . Those praise has clearly expressed the emotion toward the Beatles from the professionals. Table1 The Beatles Famous Music Works: YEAR SINGLE SONG ALBUM 1962 《Love Me Do》 1963 《Please Please Me》 《From Me to You》 March,22,1963 《Please Please Me》 End of 1963 《With the Beatles》 1964 《Meet the Beatles》 of American From 1964 to 1965 《Something New》ï ¼Å'《Beatles for Sale》ï ¼Å'《Beatles ‘65》ï ¼Å' 《Beatles VI》ï ¼Å'《Help!》ï ¼Å'《Rubber Soul》 1966 《Revolver》 《YesterdayAnd Today》 1967 《Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band》 Enter the new century, the Beatles are still often have ripping album come out, their music of these great works, in the new century is still exudes timeless magic of the impact on them once again. After decades of recording the market, often for decades after the dissolution of the band continue to be the list of champions. John Lennon passed away, to hold a memorial vigil in commemoration and to participate in as many as millions of fans the world. In 2001 an outstanding guitarist George Harrison died of illness, such scenes again to reproduce their music and still another generation after generation of the character fans have been attracted by the magic of the Beatles for their obsession. The music of the Beatles music has already passed the boundary of the music itself, it becomes the eternal humanity. Looking at the history of the pop music, it can be found out that, the Beatles is definitely revolutionary, they have changed the character of the pop music and changed the attitude of British people toward pop music. The rise of the original rock and roll pop music made the entire music industry upside down. Some well-known pop singers voice like Presley, Little Richard and Lewis and others replaced by rock songs, the five major record companies dominated music industry record companies wife and children have been hundreds of attacks. An adult-oriented market into a white youth-oriented market, these young people are increasingly interested in black culture right. In this sense, the rock is indeed ushered in a revolution. However, the revolution in 1964, when the pop music entered its second decade, it started to abandon the original edge. Mainstream Rock give a moderate rock, pop, surf music, one time, around the 60s rock and roll would lead to divergent views on how to develop. An d this time the American society is in disarray. In this case, the original part of the Americans came in the British rock. In The Beatles† band under the influence of the United States is increasingly disperse rock began to regain vitality, and thus set off a rock in the history of a new climax. Although from its inception to the dissolution of the Beatles only existed for a decade, but the band as a musical culture revolutionaries, who not only has the worlds highest, but also future generations to make it difficult record prices and record sales, but also their cultural influence has long exceeded its art itself. The Beatles led the sixties and the seventies all over the world countries in the direction of popular culture has become a popular fashion vane anything about all the Beatles have become the most cultural content of goods, while the Beatles had been anything used can be an alarming high price for auction. The Beatles In addition to countless magazine covers a variety of other board, but also often on the worlds countries such as stamps and postcards, souvenirs, they have countless museums and documentaries related topics, films and other related cultural materials Save the organization. In addition, in the world still has a lot of Beatles band member professiona l imitators, as well as professional organizations and evaluation of institutions and organizations mimic competition. The Beatles and the Beatles culture has already become the culture of mankind in the 20th century, an important component of the field was forever etched that they, as the last century, a trademark of popular culture has never been any challenge. Another important part of the Beatles is their original ideas. They started writing their own music and through their originality a new sound happened. They were so successful, that in order to get famous, other bands realized that they needed to fashion their music after to the tracks of the Beatles. The dress they wore influenced everybody. People even started to cut their hair in the same style as the Beatles did. It was fashionable to take after the Beatles. The effect of the Beatles is no longer limited in Music. Their sound was original and their look was different, this led to the outburst of freedom during the sixties. (What was the impact the Beatles had on people and music? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_impact_the_Beatles_had_on_people_and_music) .They are also described as â€Å"They influenced the people, that generation not only in their musical preferences but also in the way they dressed and felt about one another. They transmitted all there was to share trou gh their music and lyrics.† (The Beatles A Strong Impact http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-beatles-a-strong-impact.html). The following figure depicts the annual income of some top singer or band. According to Apples financial records, as of January 2008, including the The Beatles members, including the company paid huge dividends accounted for incredible ï ¿ ¡56.4 million a year. The impact of the Beatles has drawn lots of attention in academia. They took the British rock wind since late 1960s, has continued to attract many followers. Even British universities have set up a masters degree of studying The Beatles. Reuters reports: Liverpool Hope University will open a new masters degree courses The Beatles, Popular Music and Society, to enable students to study the cultural impact of the Beatles. The university, a senior Mike Brocken said: The market is flooded with more than 8000 books on the Beatles, no one on their academic research, so we want to open this course. The Beatles had been disbanded for 40 years. It is time to study their music. We have received inquiries from abroad, particularly in the United States. Liverpool Hope University is the first to set up a masters degree-granting institution of The Beatles in British. It may be the only one. Liverpool is the hometown of the Beatles, in addition to the masters program, where there is the Beatles museum, and even the airport is named Liverpool John Lennon Airport. I have to say the most important mark the Beatles left on this society and for future generations is the popularisation of the Beatle wig. I still have several and wear them proudly. (â€Å"The Beatles Literary Anthology† Edited by Mike Evans, page 87, 2004, ISBN 0 85965 315 3)The decadent image of the Beatles which is characterized by their long hair, tight jeans and leisure tops have been a fashion until now. The influence of the Beatles is immense even beyond the boundary of nations. The Beatles has been recognized the invasion of the United States as British in the 1960s, representatives and influence extended to the 1960s of social and cultural revolution. In the 1970s, the band was dissolved, the members of an individual singers posture continued to develop. Recording Industry Association of the United States according to official statistics, the Beatles is the highest-selling singers in the United States, with a total sales of more than 170 million, while global sales of more than 1 billion. CONCLUSION The Beatles inherited the results of the first decade of rock and roll, with their creativity and innovation to enrich and develop the rock to rock and roll into a new historical stage. Since then, the rock is no longer just pure entertainment music. It has more people thinking something more hidden behind the music thing. That is the magic of Beatles and they had done something special to change the peoples attitude towards rock music. They had redefined the meaning of the rock music. 60 years growing up in British and American young people, rarely fail to be associated with their songs. It can be said that their songs influenced a generation of artistic taste, clothing hair style, lifestyle and attitude towards life. The Beatles The emergence of more scholars began to study the phenomenon of rock music, and rock and roll music and lyrics, and their subsequent university courses are also offered rock (which is unthinkable in the early 60s). The Beatles led the sixties and the seventies all over the world countries in the direction of popular culture. They have become a popular fashion vane. In fact, anything about all the Beatles have become the most cultural content of goods, while the Beatles had been anything used can be a shocking high price for auction. In addition to countless magazine covers and a variety of other board, but also often on the worlds countries such as stamps and postcards, souvenirs, The Beatles have countless museums and documentaries related topics, films and other related cultural materials Save the organization. RECOMMODATION One thing I would like to recommend the company for the Beatles is to let people from the eastern world know more about this band not only their songs or albums but also their background and their inventive work in order to inspire more people to love them to understand them and to create more treasure in all areas. REFERENCES 1. British pop Music http://www.learnenglish.de/culture/britishmusic.htm 2. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2009b). With the Beatles. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Gould, Jonathan (2008). Cant Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6. 3. What was the impact the Beatles had on people and music? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_impact_the_Beatles_had_on_people_and_music 4. The Beatles A Strong Impact http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-beatles-a-strong-impact.html 5. The Beatles Impact, Influence and Empowerment http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/america_circa_60s/86384/1 6. â€Å"The Beatles Literary Anthology† Edited by Mike Evans, page 87, 2004, ISBN 0 85965 315 3

Dance Difficulties Essay -- essays research papers

As an extremely challenging and physically demanding pastime, it makes sense that a career in dance has lots of pressures that go along with it. This should come as no surprise seeing that every professional sport requires hard work and at least some sacrifice. It is questionable, however, if there is maybe too much pressure put on dancers in this day and age. Many people do not realize what it takes for a person to make it as a dancer, the dedication and drive the person must have. The fact of the matter is, the outcome of a dancer’s career may not outweigh the physical and emotional damages left over from the long journey to the top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the eighteenth century, the most prominent dancer of the time, Marie Camargo, set the standard for the typical dancer’s physique. The body characteristics of no hips, breasts, or stomach became the customary body shape for dancers at that time, and in the future (Gim). George Balanchine, one of the most prominent dance choreographers in dance history is responsible for the basic look of a thin ballet dancer. His goal within a dance company was for all of the females to look as identical as possible. He wanted dancers who were tall and streamlined with beautifully arched feet, long, elegant legs and a graceful extension (Solway 57). He believed that the thinner the dancer, the better one could see their bodies and movements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to the views of George Balanchine, it soon became the norm for a dancer to be a certain height and weight. Soon that is what company producers, directors, choreographers, and the public expected. Even today, â€Å"an ideal has been set in place in the dance community which reflects the general public’s desire to see thin women on stage† (10-6). The main goal of a dance company is to have viewers, and for that to happen the public must be visually pleased. Cultural ideas of feminine beauty cause young women to feel a strong desire to be thinner than their bodies naturally tend to be (10-1). This idea is even more widespread in the dance world; literally, people who are not thin do not get jobs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain sports create environments that harbor unhealthy eating habits, and dance is one of the most common (Despres). These eating habits can eventually escalate into an eating disorder if not treated correctly. Every eati... ...s to do what they love to do. Applegate, Liz. â€Å"Athletes Are More Vulnerable to Anorexia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Than Non-Athletes.† Opposable Viewpoints. 24 Jan 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Binks, Georgie. â€Å"Eating Disorders are Not Necessarily Harmful.† Opposable Viewpoints. 24 Jan 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Despres, Renee. â€Å"Female Athletes Are at Risk of Eating Disorders.† Opposable Viewpoints. 24 Jan 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Dobie, Michael. â€Å"The Eating-Disordered Male Athlete.† Opposable Viewpoints. 24 Jan 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Gim, Kari. â€Å"The Perfect Ballet Body.† Opposable Viewpoints. 24 Jan 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Hood, Joel. â€Å"Dying to Win: Athletes and Eating Disorders.† Opposable Viewpoints. 24 Jan 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Levenkrom, Steven. Anatomy of Anorexia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2001. Neale, Wendy. Ballet Life Behind the Scenes. New York: Crown Publishing Inc, 1982. Solway, Diane. A Dance Against Time. New York: Pocket Books, 1994. Thompson, Ron A. Sherman; Trattner, Roberta. Helping Athletes With Eating Disorders. Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1993.

Crime and corruption among the police officers how safe are we Essay

How Are Safe We? When killers are finally put to â€Å"justice†, for most, there is an immense sigh of relief knowing that they will be able to sleep well at night. However, with hundreds of police officers roaming around in the streets, are people ever really safe? According to the judicial system, yes, that’s what they’re here for.   To make us feel safe. So why is it then, that as time goes by, people seem to not just fear the cops, but even view them as killers themselves? That is because the only real difference between a killer and a cop is a uniform. When someone commits a crime, specifically murder, the ideal is that they receive a punishment that is best suited for them. John Wayne Gacy, also known as the killer clown who raped and murdered at least 33 males, was sentenced to death and executed in 1994 by lethal injection. Bowling Green State University conducted a study on Police Sexual Misconduct (2014). They found that many cases of sex-related crimes were often during work hours, and even had victims younger than 18. They also found that most of these cases went unreported, and why wouldn’t they? Who can one go for help when those who are supposed to make society feel â€Å"safe† are the same people causing fear? Michael Medved from U.S. Today tells us to â€Å"slow down† because he believes that the cops are the good guys. In an article written and published in U.S. Today, Medved states that statistics from the Bureau of Justice show that crime has reached an all-time low in 1991, and apparently it onl y continues to decrease. Again, that is most likely due to the fact that not many crimes are reported, especially not those committed by cops themselves. The only difference between Gacy and the cops on the street is that people have an idea about how many victims he had. Society is clueless as to how many rape victims a cop has, let alone how many the entire cops have all together. Criminal law has a way of separating those who are in danger from those who cause the danger. Of course, there are those who believe the justice system to be corrupt, and they wouldn’t be wrong. Messerschmidt, author of Criminology: A Sociological approach, states that â€Å"if a police officer kills someone, the killing is not murder, according to criminal law, if it is reasonable under the circumstances and if it occurs in the lawful execution of police duties.† The loophole here, a cop could simply claim self-defense, it was justifiable since often times officers feel â€Å"isolated and vulnerable,† (Medved). Then again, Alton Sterling was on the ground when he was shot by Officer Blane Salamoni, as well as Vernell Bing, shot to death simply because he got outside his car. There has been an increase in the use of deadly force by the police recently. All over social media, news, and radio, we are constantly watching police kill people, specifical minorities. It is hard to ignore history and view this as a sudden problem that is new to society, it is a song we’ve heard more than once. Yet, we still manage to make the serial killers like Dean Corl, Larry Eyler, Ted Bundy, and Ed Gein seem like the only ones capable of cold-blooded murder. When looking at Jenkin’s analysis (Messerschmidt, 39), serial killers had no more than â€Å"350 to 400 murders each year during the 1980s†. According to a site on facebook labeled â€Å"Killed by Police†, 1,207 people killed by the police in the year 2015, and according to an article by Dr. Q, called How Many People Have Been Killed by the Police? they had 457 arrest-related deaths. However, the number could most certainly be higher, since Dr. Q expressed his concerns with just how inaccurate the number could be due to the fact that the estimates included in the report â€Å"only count homicides committed by police that were determined to be legally justified by a government agency.† I believe that often, we as a society don’t want to come to the realization that the people who most likely deserve to be inside bars are the ones who are making the arrests. We should watch out for police as much as we do for strangers who are acting funny because the reason cops are more dangerous than any other hate-filled organization out there is that in the end, it doesn’t matter if the cop is black or white. Corruption sees no color, therefore, we are all in danger. Both subjects, killers, and cops, have committed crimes that unspeakable and questionable. The sooner we are able to see the two as similar, the sooner we can come up with ways to put a stop to such corruption.    Works Cited Mejia, Paula. â€Å"Why Cops Get Away With Rape.† Newsweek. N.p., 22 Feb. 2016. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. . Stinson, Philip M., John Liederbach, Steven Brewer L., and Brooke Mathna E. Police Sexual Misconduct. N.p., 2014. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. . Medved, Michael. â€Å"Slow Down, Police Are the Good Guys: Column.† USA Today. Gannett, 21 Aug. 2014. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. . Kindy, Kimberly, Wesley Lowery, Steven Rich, Julie Tate, and Jennifer Jenkins. â€Å"Fatal Shootings by Police Are up in the First Six Months of 2016, Post Analysis Finds.† Washington Post. The Washington Post, 7 July 2016. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. . Q, Dr. â€Å"How Many People Have Been Killed by the Police?† Massachusetts CopBlock. N.p., 15 Sept. 2013. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. .   

China’s One-Child Policy: Should It Be Abolished? Essay

After the People’s Republic of China had been founded in 1949, the improved sanitation and medicine promoted rapid population growth. Before long, the population boom started to take a major toll on the country’s food supply. Officials launched a campaign to promote birth control in 1955 in order to deal with the overpopulation. Their efforts were reversed though, in 1958 by the Great Leap Forward, which was Mao Zedong’s attempt to rapidly convert China into what he thought would be a modern industrialized state. By 1962, there was a massive famine in China that caused about 30 million deaths. During the aftermath of the famine, officials tried multiple times, with several different campaigns, to reduce the population. One of these campaigns was successful, using the slogan â€Å"Late, Long and Few.† China’s population growth fell by half from 1970 to 1976. The population growth then proceeded to level off, causing officials to seek more drastic measures to reduce population growth. This resulted in what is now known as China’s One Child Policy, which was introduced in 1979 (â€Å"Brief History†). The One Child Policy restricts urban couples from having more than one child. There are exceptions for rural families and ethnic minorities, officially anyway. There are many problems with the policy and it has been implicated in forced abortions and female infanticide. One of the biggest problems with the policy is that it is a violation to every person’s human rights. It violates not only a person’s right to privacy of information and their body and it also violates the basic human right to choose the size of one’s own family. The gender imbalance is another big problem with the policy and it is leaving many men without the option to get married and is affecting the crime rate in a negative way. There is also the relatively smaller issue of having an entire generation of only children and the possible social issues that that can cause. Another big problem is that there is an age disparity between the young and the old that is beginning to and will continue to have an impact on the economy of China. A big argument against the policy is also that it was never needed in the first place. The One Child Policy in China needs to be abolished. China’s One-Child Policy violates a human right to determine the size of one’s own family. No family should be forced to only have one child by any government, and that is exactly what the Chinese government is doing to their citizens. Chinese officials have said before that the one-child policy is optional. The catch is that the violators of the policy will be fined. For example, in an article by Debra Cassens Weiss, who holds a J.D. from DePaul University College of Law and a B.A. in English from the University of Illinois, she talks about Yang Zhitzhu, a law professor at China Youth University for Political Sciences, who was charged a $37,000 â€Å"social upbringing fee† in 2009 for violating the one-child policy. He also lost his job and, as a protest, put himself up for sale, vowing to serve his master until death, for $100,000. Also, because he did not pay the fee, his second daughter will not be granted household registration papers that would entitle her to a public education and healthcare. So, not only does the father get fined and lose his job because he decided to have a second child, his daughter now also has to suffer. Why should the daughter be punished for something the father did, when she did nothing to deserve the punishment? No person should be punished for being born. Executive director, Harry Wu, of the Laogi Research Foundation, which is an organization that collects information about forced labor camps and other human rights violations in China, wrote an article talking about Gao Xiao Duan and her testimony about the one-child policy in front of the House of Representatives Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights on June 10, 1998. Gao was worked as an administrator at the Yonghe town planned-birth office. â€Å"She was to carry out the dictates of the communist regime in accordance with the ‘one child’ policy.† She explained in the hearing her daily duties. Gao issued â€Å"‘birth allowance’ certificates to women who meet the policy and regulations of the central and provincial planned-birth committees.† She issued â€Å"birth-not-allowed notices† notices as well, which were made public for the purpose of making it known to everybody that the couple was in violation of the one-child policy, facilitating the supervision of the couple. Gao also issued â€Å"birth control measures implementation notices.† This meant that all women who were of child-bearing age were notified that they must have contraceptive device reliability and pregnancy examinations when necessary. If a woman failed to arrive for one of these, a supervision team would apprehend her and force her to have the examinations required. Issuing notices on whether or not a woman can have a child violates the basic human right to be able to choose whether or not she wants to have a child violates the privacy of information of the citizens of China. And requiring them to have examinations on the reliability of their contraceptive device and their pregnancy status is a violation of every human’s right to privacy over their own body. The idea that the women are taken and forced to have theses examinations takes away any freedom that they could have had over the issue, and that shows that the Chinese government has too much control over the citizens of China when it comes to the one-child policy. Another problem with the One-Child Policy is the growing gender imbalance in China. In January 2010 the Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS) said that within ten years, one in five young men would not be able to find a wife because of the shrinking amount of women in the country. According to the CASS, China will have 30 million to 40 million more men, ages 19 and under, than women by 2020. To put this into perspective, there are about 23 million boys age 20 and under in Germany, France, and Britain combined. There are about 40 million boys in the Unites States (â€Å"Worldwide War†). This means that China has enough men outnumbering women to populate Europe’s three most populated countries or to populate the entire United States male population. The sex ratio in China has been growing significantly since the 1980’s. The sex ratio in China for the generation born between 1985 and 1989 was 108 (meaning there were 108 males born for every 100 females), which is considered to be a little out of the natural range. For the generation born between 200 and 2004, the sex ratio was an astounding 124. And according to the CASS, the ratio is at 123 today, which is said to be biologically impossible without human intervention (â€Å"Worldwide War†). This is on the national level, once someone looks into the different regions and provinces in China they get a clearer picture of how bad the imbalance is. In an analysis of Chinese household data carried out in 2005 and then reported to the British Medical Journal, only a single region, Tibet, has a sex range that are considered to be within the bounds of nature. Fourteen more provinces have a sex ratio of above 120. And two more had an extremely unnatural rate of over 130 (â€Å"Worldwide War†). Then gender imbalance is causing more problems than just men not being able to find a bride though. It is also affecting the amount of crimes being committed in China. â€Å"Throughout human history, young men have been responsible for the vast preponderance of crime and violence—especially single men in countries where status and social acceptance depend on being married and having children† ( â€Å"Worldwide War†). This could very easily mean a lot of trouble for China, as there crime rate keeps rising. China’s crime rate has almost doubled in the past twenty years because of the rising sex ratio. A study into whether the sex ratio and the crime rate were connected concluded that about one-seventh of the crime rate increase was accounted to the rising sex ration. Some of the biggest crimes on the rise are said to be bride abduction, trafficking of women, prostitution, and rape (â€Å"Worldwide War†). With one-seventh of the crime rate rise being accounted to the gender imbalance and the gender imbalance becoming more and more lopsided, China is in big trouble if they don’t do something about the gender imbalance soon. They could just throw everybody who commits a crime in prison, but they will surely run out of room at some point. China needs to address the issue of the gender imbalance by looking back at what they can do to alter the one-child policy so it does not favor having a boy if they will not get rid of the policy altogether. Another issue with the One-Child Policy in China is that it leaves an entire generation of only children. In March of 2007 delegates of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the top political advisory body in China, stated that China should abolish the One Child Policy because â€Å"it creates social problems and personality disorders in young people† (â€Å"Consultative Conference†). Only Children are known to be more selfish and have a harder time communicating with peers, which is a problem if you have an entire generation of what are being called â€Å"Little Emperors† There is also the issue of the increase in percentage of citizens over the age of sixty and decrease in percentage of younger citizens. The latest census information shows that the policy has been working. The population rose to 1.34 billion as of last year from 1.27 billion in 2000. This puts the average annual growth at 0.57 percent for the decade. Compared to the previous decade, which had an average annual growth of 1.07 percent, this is a good decrease for the country. The problem, however, is that the census also shows that citizens over the age of 60 now represent 13.3 percent of China’s population, which is an increase from 10.3 percent in 2000. And also the amount of future workers, age 14 and under, has been shrinking. Citizens age 14 and under now make up 16.6 percent of the population, which is a drop from 23 percent in 2000 (â€Å"Plan Faces New Fire†). To help paint the picture even more, by 2030, the number of citizens in their 20’s is going to drop by 35percent and the number of citizens ages 55 to 60 is going to increase by 60 percent. The number of people ages 65 and over is going to jump by an even more astounding 100 percent in the same period of time (Elizabeth Economy). This basically means that China’s elderly population is rapidly growing as the generation before the One-Child Policy are retiring, putting an extremely heavy burden on the rest of Chinese society to cover the cost of their retirement. While the retirees are rapidly growing, the workforce is even more rapidly shrinking. This will begin â€Å"reversing the demographic phenomenon of a widening pool of low-cost labor that powered a manufacturing boom over the past three decades† (â€Å"Plan Faces New Fire†). This leads to a subsequent problem caused by the retirees growing and workers shrinking, and that problem is that it is crippling China’s economy. For example, in an article in Bloomberg Businessweek, Kevin Hamlin, a reporter for Bloomberg News, talks about Lin Chang Jie, who is battling to save his family’s business. He is faced with a dwindling supply of workers, forcing him to pay higher wages. Lin must attempt to change his Dejin Textile into an online fashion retailer in order to reduce headcount and keep his business from failing like many others. Lin is having such a problem because the decrease in labor is largely the unskilled labor that is used in factories to produce low-margin goods, such as clothes, toys and furniture. The lack of unskilled labor is a huge problem considering these low-margin goods made up 68 percent of China’s exports last year according to China’s customs agency. According to Hamlin’s article, the upward pressure on wages is forcing mainland companies to upgrade to what are considered to be higher-value products. China may have as few as five years to make the transition to avoid a economic slump because growth may decline from 2016 to 2020 as low-cost producers begin to fail and investment starts to fall away. There is also what is called the four-two-one problem, which will have a negative effect on the economy on the individual level. The four-two-one problem is that the citizens who grew up as only children will be forced to support up to six people by themselves. They will have to support their parents when they retire and up to four grandparents. Because men outnumber women so greatly, that leaves a lot of single men to support both their parents and grandparents. This will cause individual citizens to save more money and in the process hurt the economy because they aren’t putting as much money back into it. Chinese officials would argue that the economy improved as a result of the One-Child policy. While the economy has improved during the length of the policy, that doesn’t mean that the policy should receive credit for the improvement. China’s economy made great advances before the One-Child Policy too. What is to say that the economic advances should not be attributed to the economic reforms rather than to the population policy? If China does not do something about the One-Child Policy causing a disparity in age, they could be looking at a huge economic downfall. This downfall will be as a result of failing companies and lack of investment as well as the lack of spending on the individual level due to the four-two-one problem. There are also some people who say, even though the policy seems to be doing its job, that the One-Child Policy was unnecessary in the first place. An advocacy group that is made up of two dozen leading demographers, economists and former Family Planning officials joined together to fight the policy in 2000. This group, who knew that China’s fertility rate was declining before the One-Child Policy began in 1980. The fertility rate hade dropped to 2.7 in 1979 from 5.5 in 1970 because of a policy that encouraged, but did not force, Chinese citizens to marry later, wait longer between children, and have fewer babies. The group also knew that fertility rates in other developing countries showed similar results. Because of this information, group members began to conduct quiet field research to prove that China’s fertility rate had fallen well below what is known as the replacement rate of 2.1. The replacement rate is generally required to keep a population stable. Taking into account exemptions, the group calculated that the fertility rate should be 1.47 if the policy was implemented correctly. As of today, the group says the fertility rate has been about 1.8, well below 2.1, since 1991. The group assumes that many children are born secretly to avoid fines and that if you take that out the fertility rate is actually between 1.5 and 1.6 (â€Å"Plan Faces New Fire†). While the group is only arguing for a two-child policy at minimum, their point is that the One-Child Policy never needed to be implemented in the first place. China would have had a fertility rate closer to the replacement rate if it would have continued to just encourage citizens to have fewer kids and get married later. Why should China keep a policy that is hurting the country if it was not needed in the first place? China’s One-Child Policy needs to be taken away. The policy violates the basic human rights of any person. Every person living on this planet has the basic right to choose the size of their own family; it shouldn’t be decided by the government of any country. Even though some Chinese officials have said the policy is optional, the government heavily fines those who violate it, $37,000 in the case of Yang Zhitzhu. And, as explained by Gao Xiao Duan’s testimony, the policy also violates human privacy over one’s own body by being forced to take examinations on their state of pregnancy or whether or not their contraceptive device is functioning properly. There is also an obvious violation of Chinese citizens’ right to privacy of their information. The gender imbalance, which is far above the natural range, is leaving men unable to find a bride and is directly linked to China’s increasing crime rates. When a policy is connected to an increase crimes such as rape, kidnapping, and prostitution it is a policy that should not exist. Also, the growing age disparity is crippling the economy in China. It will be more evident in a few years, but shrinking work force along with the growing amount of retirees are beginning to destroy the unskilled labor jobs, which were the cause of China’s economic boom to begin with. And the four-two-one problem is hampering economic growth because citizens are forced to save more money instead of putting it back into the economy. There is also the fact that the policy may not have been needed in the first place and that the fertility rate in China is dangerously lower than the replacement rate of 2.1, making it impossible to have a stable population. If the policy was not needed to begin with and it isn’t really helping the country, China must get rid of it. So yes, the one child policy has reduced the growth of the population significantly, but at what cost is it being done?

Chromosomes and Heredity essays

Chromosomes and Heredity essays The theory of the genetic basis of heredity was quite unheard of until the time of Gregor Mendel who proved with his experiments on pea plants that organisms inherited their traits from their parents. It was Mendel who first proposed that genes were the basic units of all living organisms. Children receive half their chromosomes from their father and half from their mother and hence they share the character traits of their parents. Each human being has two complete sets of 23 chromosomes, which are responsible for controlling all the bodily functions. Each parent in effect contributes one complete set of the 23 chromosomes to the child. Genetic information is stored inside the chromosomes in the forms of DNA strands and there are around 40,000 genes, which are responsible for instructing the ribosomes to synthesis specific proteins. (for specific functions). A particular gene is responsible for a particular character trait and parents pass on genes to their children, which is the fundamental principle behind inheritance. Furthermore every gene may have two or more different forms known as alleles. The genetic makeup of a person called the genotype is actually the combination of these inherited alleles. A person may either have homozygous alleles or heterozygous alleles. Alleles for a particular trait may either be dominant or recessive. The phenotype (physical appearance) of the person is determined by the expression of the dominant alleles. There are some cases where neither of the alleles are totally dominant in which case the phenotype is a combination of the phenotypes of both the alleles. So we see that the phenotype or the ultimate physical trait of a person is directly dependent upon the genetic information received from the parents. ...